Which example most directly represents an integrity breach?
Answer
An unauthorized user changes the contents of a file.
Explanation
### Why this is right
Integrity concerns protection from unauthorized changes. Changing the file alters its contents, so it is an integrity breach.
### The other options
- **B. An observer reads a private file without changing it**: unauthorized reading is primarily a confidentiality breach.
- **C. A system is shut down so users cannot access it**: this is an availability breach.
- **D. A user encrypts an authorized backup**: encryption may support confidentiality and does not by itself imply an integrity breach.
### Remember
When data is changed without permission, think integrity.
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