An attacker changes a stored record without permission. Which attack category most directly describes the action?

### Why this is right Changing a record without permission is tampering because the action alters data. The security goal most directly affected is integrity, which concerns protection against unauthorized or undetected changes. ### The concept Attack categories describe what an action does. Alteration points to tampering, while exposing data points to information disclosure and blocking access points to denial of service. ### The other options - **B. Information disclosure**: This is exposure of information, not alteration of a record. - **C. Denial of service**: This disrupts access to a system or service rather than changing the record. - **D. Repudiation**: This involves denying an action or transaction, not carrying out an unauthorized change. ### Terms - **Integrity**: The property of data remaining accurate and changed only through authorized actions. ### Remember Unauthorized changes are an integrity problem and are commonly described as tampering.