EASA NAV(A)advanced
Select ALL correct statements about radio-wave propagation and limitations.
Answer
VHF navigation signals are generally quasi-optical, LF/MF NDB signals can propagate as ground and sky waves, NDB fading is more likely at night
Explanation
VHF navigation is principally line-of-sight, while LF/MF signals can use both ground-wave and sky-wave propagation. Nighttime sky-wave effects can cause fading and bearing errors. VDF range depends strongly on aircraft altitude because of radio horizon limitations. **Key takeaway:** Propagation characteristics determine both range and accuracy.\n\n**Glossary:** **Ground wave**: signal following Earth's surface; **sky wave**: signal propagated via the ionosphere.
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