Cyberlaw, Ethics and Privacyintermediate
Arrange the steps in the standard procedure for evaluating whether a deductive argument is sound, from first to last.
Answer
Test whether the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises to establish validity., Given a valid structure, verify whether each premise is factually true., Classify the argument as sound only if both the structural and factual requirements are satisfied.
Explanation
### The order
1. **Check whether the argument is valid.** Soundness requires validity, so a failure here already means the argument is not sound.
2. **Check whether every premise is actually true.** A valid argument with a false premise is still unsound.
3. **Classify the argument as sound only if both checks pass.** This follows directly from the definition of soundness.
### The concept
Soundness is not a single test of whether a conclusion seems plausible. It combines a structural test and a factual test. The structural test asks whether true premises could ever accompany a false conclusion. The factual test asks whether the stated premises are true. Passing only one test is insufficient: valid reasoning can start from a false premise, and true premises can be arranged in an invalid pattern.
### Terms
- **Validity**: Logical support that rules out true premises with a false conclusion.
- **Soundness**: Validity plus factual truth of every premise.
- **Premise**: A claim offered as support for a conclusion.
### Remember
A deductive argument is sound only after both its form and its premises pass inspection.
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